A ledger is like a spreadsheet keeping track of which addresses own how many bitcoins. The Bitcoin blockchain is a distributed, decentralized ledger.
A wallet that is connected to the internet. Typical mobile or browser wallets are hot wallets.
A hash is a function that turns a set of data into a short string. Hashes in Bitcoin serve as unique identifier for transactions.
Data encryption translates data into a code, so that only people with access to a secret key can read it. Your bitcoin wallet is encrypted with a private key, so that only you can access your funds.
A distributed system is made of components that are running on different networked computers, which communicate and coordinate their actions by sharing messages. Bitcoin is a distributed system.
The transfer of control from one central entity to smaller entities. Every bitcoin transaction is verified by a decentralized network of computers around the world. No one company or government can stop a transaction or change the bitcoin blockchain history.
Cryptography is the mathematical basis for secure communication that allows only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents. Cryptographic methods in Bitcoin proof each transaction as well as the whole history of transactions.
A digital currency running on a blockchain. To the contrary to central-bank issued currency, cryptocurrancy issuance rules are public for everyone to verify.
A bitcoin transaction is confirmed when it is included in a block. This is the same for all blockchains. Each new block adds a new confirmation and increases the cost of reversal. Different merchants might require a different number of confirmations.
A Bitcoin wallet in cold storage (offline from the internet).